Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and Military Hygiene at the United States Military Academy between 1890 and 1910.

INTRODUCTION: Military installations are at increased risk for the transmission of infectious disease. Personnel who live and train on military installations live and train near one another facilitating disease transmission. An understanding of historical sanitation and hygiene can inform modern practices. This is especially pertinent considering the continuing rise of variants of infectious diseases, such as the recent pandemic of the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. In this article, we review the rise and decline of infectious disease at the United States Military Academy (USMA) during the period spanning 1890 through 1910, and the public health interventions used to combat disease spread. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary data regarding cadet illness were acquired from the historical archives of the USMA. These included annual reports, clinical admission records, casualty ledgers, and sanitation reports. Unpublished documents from the medical history of USMA provide periodic trends of health among cadets because of infectious disease. RESULTS: Between 1890 and 1910, the USMA at West Point was confronted with cases of influenza, measles, mumps, scarlet fever, smallpox, typhus, and malaria. In response, a series of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were instituted to curb the spread of infectious disease. These interventions most likely proved effective in suppressing the transmission of communicable diseases. The most common and arguably the most effective NPI was the physical separation of the sick from the well. CONCLUSIONS: The USMA experience mirrored what was occurring in the larger U.S. Army in the early 20th century and may serve as a model for the application of NPIs in response to modern infectious diseases resulting from novel or unknown etiologies.

Fit to fight - from military hygiene to wellbeing in the British Army.

This paper reviews the historical evolution of the language and organization surrounding the health of personnel in the British Army from 'hygiene' through  to 'wellbeing'. It starts by considering the health of the army in the mid-nineteenth century and the emergence of military hygiene as a professional subject. It continues by looking at advances in military hygiene in the two world wars. Hygiene was replaced by the term 'health' in the 1950s as the collective noun used by professionals working in this field. This unity split when the professions of occupational medicine and public health established separate faculties and training pathways. However, the health issues for the armed forces remain fundamentally unchanged. Going forward, the term 'wellbeing' is helping to refresh the close relationships between executives, their medical advisers and those within the population of health professions charged with keeping the British Army healthy. The core theme is the collaborations between civil society, executive leadership and medical services in maximizing the health of the military population from recruitment through to life as a veteran.

Nota informativa nº 05 /2020-GST/DVAST/SVS/SES: recomendações aos gestores e profissionais da segurança pública para enfrentamento da pandemia de Coronavírus ­ COVID-19 (infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2) / Informative note nº 05/2020-GST / DVAST / SVS / SES: recommendations to managers and public security professionals to cope with the Coronavirus pandemic - COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection)

Recomendações aos gestores e trabalhadores da Segurança pública (policiais federais, rodoviários, militares, civis, municipais, bombeiros, agentes penitenciários e socioeducativos) para discussão coletiva sobre medidas que amenizem os riscos à saúde dos trabalhadores e pessoas privadas de liberdade, como também, reduzam a disseminação do COVID-19 para seus familiares e a população em geral.

Recommendations to the managers and workers of public security (police federais, rodoviários, military, civis, municipais, bombeiros, penitentiary and socio-educational agents) for collective discussion on measures that mitigate the risks to the health of two workers and people deprived of freedom, as also, also, a dissemination of COVID-19 for family members and general population.

Recomendaciones a los gerentes y trabajadores de seguridad pública (federal, vial, militar, civil, municipal, bomberos, agentes penitenciarios y socioeducativos) para la discusión colectiva sobre medidas para mitigar los riesgos para la salud de los trabajadores y personas privadas de libertad, así como reducir la difusión del COVID-19 a sus familias y población en general.

Da circum-navegação da Vital de Oliveira às novas tabelas de rações: alimentação e saúde a bordo dos naviosda Marinha Imperial Brasileira, 1879-1886 / From the circumnavigation of the Vital de Oliveira to the new ration tables: nutrition and health on Brazilian Imperial Navy vessels, 1879-1886

Entre 1879 e 1881 a corveta Vital de Oliveira realizou a primeira viagem de circum-navegação da Marinha Brasileira. Um dos itens que ocuparam as preocupações do comandante do navio, Júlio de Noronha, em seu relatório da viagem foi a alimentação; preocupação reforçada no relatório médico da expedição redigido pelo primeiro-cirurgião Galdino Magalhães. Essa preocupação ganhou destaque devido ao elevado saldo de enfermos e mortos durante a viagem, para oque teria contribuído a carência de determinados gêneros alimentícios, de acordo com ambos os relatórios. O artigo discute a relação entre a alimentação e a saúde das tripulações. Além disso, trata da relação entre a viagem da Vital e a implementação de uma nova tabela de rações efetivada em 1886

L'épidémiologie entre le terrain des épidémies et l'approche populationnelle, XIX-XXe siècle.

TITLE: L'épidémiologie entre le terrain des épidémies et l'approche populationnelle, XIX-XXe siècle. ABSTRACT: L'émergence d'une épidémiologie moderne est fréquemment associée au basculement de la discipline, d'une science des épidémies vers une science des populations. L'avènement et le développement d'une épidémiologie fondée sur une approche statistique et mathématique n'exclut cependant pas la persistance d'une épidémiologie sur le terrain des épidémies, dans le sillage de l'hygiène publique et de la bactériologie triomphante du tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. De plus, l'histoire de l'épidémiologie ne saurait être cantonnée à une histoire de savoirs scientifiques ou de savoir-faire techniques et organisationnels. Elle doit intégrer, plus sans doute encore que d'autres branches de la médecine, les dimensions économiques et politiques qui participèrent à l'institutionnalisation et au développement de la discipline et à son inscription dans les processus de décision.

Asistencia sanitaria y salud pública en Talavera de la Reina durante la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) / Health Care and Public Health in Talavera de la Reina during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

El presente trabajo pretende analizar de forma integrada los efectos de la guerra civil española sobre la población y los servicios sanitarios de Talavera de la Reina, ciudad clave en el desarrollo de la contienda debido a su ubicación geográfica entre Andalucía occidental, Extremadura y Madrid. Para ello, se ha trabajado con documentación del Archivo Municipal de Talavera de la Reina, del Archivo del Centro Secundario de Higiene Rural de Talavera de la Reina, del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Toledo y del Archivo General Militar de Ávila. En primer lugar, se presenta el grupo de cinco hospitales militares que funcionaron en la ciudad, su organización y actividad, reconstruida a partir de los diferentes modelos de fichas utilizadas. La actividad preventiva se analiza desde dos puntos de vista, las órdenes emanadas de la autoridad militar, centradas en la higiene, alimentación y prevención de enfermedades infecciosas, y las actuaciones llevadas a cabo por las autoridades locales, centradas en asegurar un correcto abastecimiento de agua y recogida de residuos. Además, se expone la situación insalubre de las prisiones de la ciudad, siendo un claro ejemplo del estado sanitario del momento

This work aims to comprehensively analyse the effects of the Spanish civil war on the population and the sanitary services of Talavera de la Reina, a key city in the development of the contest due to its geographic location between Andalusia Western, Extremadura and Madrid. To this end, he has worked with documentation of the Municipal Archives of Talavera de la Reina, the archive of the secondary Centre of Rural hygiene in Talavera de la Reina, the Provincial historical archive of Toledo and the military general archive of Ávila. First, appears the Group of five military hospitals that operated in the city, its organization and activity, reconstructed from different models used chips. Preventive activity is analysed from two points of view, the orders emanating from the military authority, with a focus on hygiene, food and prevention of infectious diseases, and the actions carried out by the local authorities, centred ensure a proper water supply and waste collection. In addition, exposed the unhealthy situation in prisons in the city, is a clear example of the State of the health of the moment

Pedro Mallo (1837-1899). A ciento veinte años de su desaparición física / Pedro Mallo (1837-1899). This work aims to commemorate the 120 years since his death

Este trabajo científico conmemora al Dr. Pedro Mallo a ciento veinte años de su muerte. Fue un médico militar dinámico e innovador, docente y destacado historiador de la medicina. Realizó importantes contribuciones en el campo de la sanidad militar. (AU)

This work aims to commemorate Dr. Pedro Mallo to his 120 years of his death. He was a clinician, military doctor dynamic and innovative, prominent historian of medicine, teacher. He made contributions in field of military health. (AU)

The usefulness of hand washing during field training to prevent acute respiratory illness in a military training facility.

Hand washing plays a key role in preventing respiratory infection in many clinical settings. However, its effectiveness in preventing acute respiratory illness (ARI) during field training in military training facilities has been not studied.A quasi-interventional study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of ARIs over 4 weeks in a Korean army training center in South Korea from January 2009 to February 2009. A total of 1291 recruits participating in military training for 4 weeks were randomly distributed to 2 battalions (one with 631 and the other with 660). After noticing there is a difference between the 2 battalions in terms of the development of ARIs at the end of 2 weeks of training, we conducted interviews with the battle commanders to determine factors that may be related to one battalion having a higher incidence of ARI. Thereafter, we performed an intervention, which consists of instructing the battalion having a higher incidence of ARI to implement field hand washing from the third week. Following the intervention, we compared the cumulative rate of ARI during 4 weeks of training.The interviews revealed that there were no major differences between the 2 battalions in terms of the training schedules, living environments, or indoor hand washing methods. However, there was difference in terms of hand washing during field training for the first 2 weeks; whereas one battalion (the early hand washing group) implemented hand washing during field training starting in the first week, the other battalion did not implement hand washing for the first 2 weeks but instead began in the third week (the late hand washing group). The cumulative incidence rate of ARI during 4 weeks of training was significantly lower in the early hand washing group (13.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.6%-15.9%) than in the late hand washing group (28.0%, 95% CI, 24.7%-31.5%).Our study suggests that outdoor hand washing during field training may be an effective precaution for reducing ARI incidence among recruits participating in military training.

Estudio de la eficacia de la botella NKD POD+: seguridad de su sistema de filtrado para el combatiente / Study of the NKD POD+ bottle efficacy: analysis of its safety filtering system

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: Actualmente, los miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas utilizan desinfectantes en forma de pastillas para potabilizar el agua. Recientemente, se estudió la posibilidad de introducir en el material de dotación del combatiente un tipo de botella con un sistema de filtrado novedoso, la botella Nkd POD+. El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar la eficacia del sistema de filtrado de dicha botella para valorar su uso en las Fuerzas Armadas Españolas, de tal manera que, cualquier agua contaminada que sea filtrada y consumida, no suponga ningún riesgo para la salud. Para ello, en el Laboratorio de Análisis de Aguas del Instituto de Toxicología de la Defensa se realizaron ensayos químicos y microbiológicos de diferentes muestras de agua para determinar la eficacia del filtro para eliminar metales pesados, plaguicidas, nitratos y microorganismos del agua. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Para realizar los ensayos se han preparado muestras utilizando agua destilada y disoluciones patrón certificadas de los contaminantes. Posteriormente las muestras fueron filtradas con la botella. Se analizaron las muestras antes y después del filtrado, para los nitritos el análisis se realizó mediante espectroscopía Ultravioleta-Visible (UV-Vis), los metales pesados mediante plasma de acoplamiento inductivo acoplado a espectrometría de masas (ICP-MS) y los plaguicidas mediante cromatografía gaseosa acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG/MS). RESULTADOS: Se comprobó que el filtro apenas elimina metales pesados. Los pesticidas en concentraciones de 1 mig/L son retenidos adecuadamente por la botella, pero a concentraciones de 10 mig/L, lo son en menor medida. Respecto a los nitratos se observó un aumento respecto a la concentración inicial en la muestra filtrada. En el ensayo microbiológico, el sistema de filtrado únicamente retiene las bacterias grandes con un tamaño superior a 0.45 mim, siendo totalmente ineficaz para las pequeñas como enterococos. CONCLUSIONES: la botella Nkd POD+ genera una falsa sensación de seguridad, ya que no cumple con los requisitos ofrecidos y pone en riesgo la salud del combatiente

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nowadays, the Army uses disinfectant tablets to purify water. Recently, it was hinted the possibility of including in our combatants' equipment a special kind of bottle with a new filtering system, the NKD POD+ The main objective of this research is to analyse the efficacy of this bottle filtering system in order to assess its possible use by Spanish Army so as to allow the filtering of any type of water which, once drunk, implies no health risk. In order to do so, the Laboratorio de Análisis de Aguas (Water Analysis Lab) of the Instituto de Toxicología de la Defensa (Defence Toxicology Institute) performed chemical and microbiological tests on different water samples to assess the degree of efficacy of the filter in order to eliminate heavy metals, pesticides, nitrates and water microorganisms. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In order to conduct the tests, different samples with distilled water and certified patron solutions of the contaminants were used. Later, these samples were filtered through the bottle. The samples were analyses prior and after the filtering process. The analysis of the nitrites was conducted with visible ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-Vis), heavy metals through inductive coupling plasma, coupled to mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and pesticides through coupling gas chromatography to mass spectrometry (CG/MS). RESULTS: It was proved that the water filter had hardly eliminated heavy metals. Pesticides in concentration of 1 mig/L were properly filtered by the bottle but to a lesser extent for concentrations of 10 mig/L. Regarding nitrites, it was observed an increase with respect to the original concentration in the filtered sample. In the microbiological test, the filtering system only retained those particles bigger than 0.45 mim, being totally ineffective with the tiniest ones such as enterococcus. CONCLUSIONS: The Nkd POD+ bottle generates a false feeling of safety as it does not meet the necessary requirements and compromises the combatants' health

Génesis de la sanidad militar y el primer médico militar en Cuba / Genesis of military health and the first military doctor in Cuba

Introducción: al cesar la dominación española en Cuba y establecerse la República comenzó la creación de las instituciones que la formarían. Surgen los cuerpos armados como una necesidad para cuidar el orden interior y la seguridad de la nación. Objetivo: exponer algunos rasgos de la sanidad militar en su periodo fundacional y ahondar en datos biográficos de su primer integrante, iniciador de esta etapa de la medicina militar cubana. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, se empleó el método historiográfico analítico - sintético, se constataron los datos sobre el origen y evolución de la sanidad militar en Cuba. Desarrollo: el doctor Jorge Vega Lamar, con el grado de capitán, fue el primer médico de la sanidad militar. Con anterioridad cumplió deberes patrióticos en la Guerra de 1895. Como médico integró expediciones armadas y el cuerpo de sanidad militar del Ejército Libertador, alcanzando por sus méritos el grado de Teniente Coronel. Conclusiones: los resultados contribuyen a enriquecer la historiografía de la medicina militar(AU)

Introduction: When the Spanish domination in Cuba ceased and the Republic was established, the creation of the institutions that would form it began. Armed bodies emerge as a need to take care of the internal order and the security of the nation. Objective: To set out some features of the military health in its foundational period and delve into biographical data of its first member, initiator of this stage of Cuban military medicine. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out, the analytical - synthetic historiographic method was used, data on the origin and evolution of military health in Cuba were verified. Body: Doctor Jorge Vega Lamar, with the rank of captain, was the first doctor of military health. Previously, he fulfilled patriotic duties in the War of 1895. As a physician he integrated armed expeditions and the military health corps of the Liberation Army, reaching by his merits the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Conclusions: the results contribute to enrich the historiography of military medicine(AU)

Investigación de Escherichia Coli productor de toxinas Shiga (STEC) en carnes y derivados cárnicos / Researching Escherichia Coli as a Shiga (STEC) toxin producer in meat and meat products

Introducción: El término Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC) abarca un grupo de patógenos alimentarios emergentes, implicados en numerosos brotes a nivel mundial. Son responsables de infecciones y enfermedades gastrointestinales graves tales como el síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH) y la colitis hemorrágica (CH). Muchos alimentos han sido vinculados a estos brotes, destacando las carnes y derivados cárnicos crudos o insuficientemente cocinados. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de STEC en carnes y derivados, de especies de abasto y cinegéticas, consumidas dentro de las Fuerzas Armadas (FAS). Material y Métodos: Se analiza-ron un total de 170 muestras recibidas en el Servicio de Bromatología y Seguridad Alimentaria, del Centro Militar de Veterinaria. Para determinar la presencia de STEC se empleó la técnica de PCR a tiempo real mediante el uso del kit comercial Custom TaqMan ISO STEC Screening Assay (Thermo Scientific (TM)), siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa SPSS. Resultados: La prevalencia de STEC en el total de las muestras analizadas fue de un 19,41 %. La hallada entre los preparados cárnicos de especies de abasto fue de un 25,42 %, mientras que la de derivados de carne de caza, fue de un 27,4 %. Los resultados obtenidos del cribado de STEC mostraron significación estadística. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos concuerdan con la mayoría de estudios anteriormente publicados, recalcando la importancia que representa el control de este grupo de patógenos, pudiéndose ampliar el espectro de matrices a analizar, dada la potencial exposición de los consumidores de las FAS a estos agentes (AU)

Introduction: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is made up of a group of emerging food pathogens, impli-cated in numerous outbreaks worldwide. They are responsible for infections and serious gastrointestinal diseases such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and hemorrhagic colitis (HC). Many foods have been linked to these outbreaks, with emphasis on raw or undercooked meat and meat products. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of STEC in meat and meat products from food-producing and game species, consumed within the Armed Forces (AF). Material and Methods: We analyzed a total of 170 samples received in the Service of Bromatology and Food Safety, of the Veterinary Military Center. To determine the presence of STEC, real-time PCR technique was performed using the "Custom TaqMan ISO STEC Screening Assay" kit (Thermo Scientific(TM), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS.program. Results: The prevalence of STEC in the to-tal amount of samples analyzed was 19.41%. Prevalence of meat products from food-producing species was 25.42%, whereas the one from game meat was 27.4%. The results obtained from the STEC screening showed statistical significance. Conclusions: The results obtained agree with most of previously published studies, emphasizing the importance of surveillance. Expanding the spectrum of matrices to analyze could be an interest approach, given the potential exposure of AF consumers to these agents (AU)

[Hygienists of the Military Medical Academy - participants in the liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident].

The main task of the military medical service in the area of work to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster was to organize and carry out sanitary and hygienic measures aimed at preventing radiation exposure to liquidators-military personnel in excess of the established dose limits and the emergence of mass infectious and non-infectious diseases. The article summarizes the experience of the participation of the employees of the S.M.Kirov Military Medical Academy in the implementation of anti-radiation and other preventive measures in the area of the accident. The entire faculty. of the Department of Naval and Radiation Hygiene and a number of employees of the Department of General and Military Hygiene, who on a rotational basis were continuously in the zone of work to eliminate the consequences of the accident, went through the mill of Chernobyl. Their personal contribution to the solution of urgent scientific and applied problems -of minimization of radiation impact and preservation of health of servicemen-liquidators of the accident were noted.

Tactical combat movements: inter-individual variation in performance due to the effects of load carriage.

An examination into the effects of carried military equipment on the performance of two tactical combat movement simulations was conducted. Nineteen Airfield Defence Guards performed a break contact (five 30-m sprints) and a fire and movement simulation (16 6-m bounds) in five load conditions (10-30 kg). Heavier loads significantly increased movement duration on the break contact (0.8%/kg load) and fire and movement (1.1%/kg). Performance deterioration was observed from the beginning to the end of the series of movements (bounds or sprints) with deterioration becoming significantly greater in heavier load conditions. Inter-individual variation between slower and faster participants showed a range in load effects; 0.6, 0.8%/kg for fast and 1.0, 1.4%/kg for slow (break contact, fire and movement, respectively). Velocity profiles revealed that the initial acceleration and peak velocity were the primary determinants of performance. As the duration of these tactical combat movements reflects periods of heightened vulnerability, these findings highlight important implications for commanders. Practitioner Summary: Increasing amounts of carried military equipment impairs the performance of tactical combat movements. Examination of inter-individual variation in velocity profiles identified that the initial acceleration and the peak velocity achieved during sprints and bounds are key determinants of overall performance.

[Sanitary-hygienic and antiepidemic support for the Red army during the last stage of the Great Patriotic War (1944-1945)].

Sanitation measures of the final period of World War II included the sanitary surveillance of water and power forces, observation of their placement and content of the territory occupied by them, monitor the implementation of military rules of personal hygiene and health education. The content of anti-epidemic measures was control of vectors of infectious and parasitic diseases, the protection of troops against the penetration of these diseases from the outside, the sanitary-epidemiological investigation and vaccination of staff, early detection and isolation of infectious patients, their timely hospitalization, disinfection of the source of infection, identify the sources of infection and epidemiological surveillance behind the hearth. Epidemiological welfare of the Red Army has been achieved by the virtue of the hard and persistent work of many thousands of military doctors, good organization of anti-epidemic protection of troops and use of military medical service of science.

[Scientist-hygienist, teacher and public figure (to the 100th anniversary of birthday of professor Koshelev N F].

Koshelev N.F. made a significant contribution to the development of general and military hygiene. Under his leadership at the S.M.Kirov Military Medical Academy were actively conducted researchers in the field of general hygiene, hygiene, military labour, water, food and sanitation support for the troops formed a new way of hygienic structure understanding, its goals, methods, object and subject of study. Koshelev N.F. developed provisions oJ methodological basics, structure and algorithm of hygienic diagnostics. He also defined basic principles of the universal theory of hygienic regulation and developed its structure, made a number of other original theoretical positions. Koshelev N.F. created a scientific, school, continues the best traditions of domestic hygiene.

Vida y obra del General de Brigada Silverio Sánchez Figueras / Life and work of the General of Brigade Silverio Sánchez Figueras

El conocimiento de la Historia de Cuba es una de las premisas fundamentales en la formación de un profesional de la salud. Las personalidades de la etapa independentista generaron un legado de valores dignos de mantener: patriotismo, humanismo y solidaridad. En muchas ocasiones se aprende del actuar de individuos que no tuvieron formación médica, pero que dedicaron parte de su vida a facilitar, desde sus roles y funciones, las acciones sanitarias durante la guerra. Es ese el caso del general de brigada Silverio Sánchez Figueras, hombre de confianza de Antonio Maceo. En este trabajo se hace una reseña de su vida política y militar y se refiere como en su vinculación con el Dr. Félix Figueredo, miembro de la Sanidad Militar en la “Protesta”, logra mantener un control sanitario constante y monitorear las enfermedades a que estuvieron expuestos los mambises cubanos(AU)

Knowing Cuban history is one of the main premises in the training of a health professional. The personalities of the Cuban independence war generated a legacy of values that is worth to maintain: patriotism, humanism and solidarity. In many cases we learn from the behaviour of individuals that did not have a medical formation, but who dedicated part of their lives to facilitate the sanitary actions during the war, because of their roles and functions. That is the case of the general of brigade Silverio Sanchez Figueras, Antonio Maceos trusted man. In this work we make a review of his military and political life, and refer how, through a fruitful relationship with MD Felix Figueredo, member of the Military Health Corpus in the “Protest of Baragua”, he kept a constant sanitary control and monitored the diseases to which Cuban mambises were exposed(AU)

Lift performance and lumbar loading in standing and seated lifts.

This study investigated the effect of posture on lifting performance. Twenty-three male soldiers lifted a loaded box onto a platform in standing and seated postures to determine their maximum lift capacity and maximum acceptable lift. Lift performance, trunk kinematics, lumbar loads, anthropometric and strength data were recorded. There was a significant main effect for lift effort but not for posture or the interaction. Effect sizes showed that lumbar compression forces did not differ between postures at lift initiation (Standing 5566.2 ± 627.8 N; Seated 5584.0 ± 16.0) but were higher in the standing posture (4045.7 ± 408.3 N) when compared with the seated posture (3655.8 ± 225.7 N) at lift completion. Anterior shear forces were higher in the standing posture at both lift initiation (Standing 519.4 ± 104.4 N; Seated 224.2 ± 9.4 N) and completion (Standing 183.3 ± 62.5 N; Seated 71.0 ± 24.2 N) and may have been a result of increased trunk flexion and a larger horizontal distance of the mass from the L5-S1 joint. Practitioner Summary: Differences between lift performance and lumbar forces in standing and seated lifts are unclear. Using a with-in subjects repeated measures design, we found no difference in lifted mass or lumbar compression force at lift initiation between standing and seated lifts.

[Hygienic aspects of development and testing of individual military armour].

Hygienic aspects of development and testing of individual military armour. The article is devoted to scientific substantiation of proposals aimed at improving certain physical and hygienic properties of the personal body armour (PBA) and their test methods. The authors performed an analysis of the development of domestic and foreign PBA production. Analysed and described construction, ergonomic and medical-and-technical characteristics of PBA. The role of the study of hygienic, mechanical and ergonomic indicators in assessing the dynamics of the vector and the further development of PBA is presented. Substantiated proposals for their improvement.